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Helms Pumped Storage Plant
The Helms Pumped Storage Plant is located 50 mi (80 km) east of Fresno, California in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range's Sierra National Forest. It is a power station that uses Helms Creek canyon for off-river water storage〔(The Dam Truth About Reservoirs ) "There are 2 broad categories of reservoirs, the valley reservoir (on-river storage, ) and the off-river storage reservoir"〕 and the pumped-storage hydroelectric method to generate electricity. After being planned in the early 1970s, construction on the plant began in June 1977 and commercial operations began on 30 June 1984. It has an installed capacity of 1,212 MW and is owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company.
==Design and operation==
The power plant operates by moving water between two reservoirs, an upper and a lower. When energy demand is high, water is released from the upper reservoir to the plant where electricity is generated before the water is discharged into the lower reservoir. When demand is low at times such as night, water is then pumped back up to the upper reservoir to be used as stored energy for a later time. This is accomplished by pump-generators which serve a dual role as both pumps which can reverse into generators. The plant can go from a stand still to operational in eight minutes which allows it to meet peak energy demand. It consumes more electricity pumping versus generating electricity but pumping occurs during periods of low demand, making the plant economical.〔
The upper reservoir is known as Courtright Reservoir and it has a storage capacity of while sitting at an altitude of . Wishon Reservoir serves as the lower reservoir and has a storage capacity of . It is at an altitude of . Connecting the reservoirs, in order from upper to lower, is first a long head-race tunnel which turns into a long steel penstock which drops in elevation and trifurcates into three individual penstocks which feed a separate pump-generator. After the water is used to generate electricity, it is discharged into the lower reservoir via a long tail-race tunnel. The difference in elevation between the reservoirs affords an effective hydraulic head (drop of the water) of . The power plant is located underground near Wishon Reservoir and houses three 404 MW Francis pump turbine-generators.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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